Can you stream video games installed on a server through a browser over the internet?

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Yes BUT NO and there are multiple ways to do it for different games.
Without quoting a ton of technical babble its known as Cloud Computing and Software As a Service.
SaaS.

Now the downside, its incredibly technical, and its not the standard game install which is used. (Although some games can be) And its the HIGH END SERVERS that do it. Then you need to write the browser software.

Normal servers only have small little graphics cards because they dont really display much other than text. But a STREAMING GAME server DOES process the video too - which is compressed and sent to each users browser.

These are high end servers as its usual they use SLI and have 780 TI cards in 4 way sli. And 4 intel processors and more ram than most motherboards allow your looking at about 128GB of ram, although ive seen 1 server with 192GB hosting GTA V.

That said the most expensive part is the actual server - buying the multiple player games is not much more than the titles themselves. GTA V for SAAS is only £190 with monthly royalties due