What is the best way to cable my small office with Cat6?

[I Like Stories]

For Gig Ethernet you don't need CAT6 at all. CAT5E would have been good enough. You can use CAT5 jumper cables, it won't make a difference.

Using VoIP phones? You need a PoE capable Ethernet switch? Typically a VoIP phone gets it's power from the switch.......but that depends on what VoIP phones you have. You could also use PoE injectors at the desktop.

If you only have 8 connections I wouldn't bother with the patch panel, I'd just connect the CAT6 directly to the switch.

Connecting to cable you need a router. Cable modem connects to the router's "WAN" port, switch connects to one of the routers LAN ports. You need the router to do NAT and be your DHCP server.

Since your Internet connection is 30Mbps, GigE to the desktop doesn't buy you much.