please define sporozoa ? & please tell me is there any relationship between earthworm & plasmodium(malarial)?

[MASOOM]

[Indiana Frenchman]

the web page (below) provides: How the lowly earthworm changed the face of America forever after being brought over by early European colonists along with chickens, malaria and the common cold


We all know that Christopher Columbus and European pioneers brought back potatoes, tobacco and rubber from the New World in the wake of his voyage of 1492, but a new book examines the overlooked impact of the Old World on the newly discovered Americas.

In fact so great was one import from Europe that its impact is still being felt today after having undermined the entire ecosystem of North America. And that illegal alien is the lowly earthworm.

Wiped out in North America since the Ice Age, the re-introduction of the earthworm by the British colonists of Jamestown caused the landscape that had formed for 10,000 years to radically alter and not for the better.
Earthworms eat fallen foliage, the problem is that northern trees and shrubs beneath the forest canopy depend on that litter for food too.

In its absence, water washes away the nutrients stored in the fallen foliage and without this food plants die and the forest becomes more open and dry - losing much of its firmness and fertility.

In short, a forest with worms is vastly different to a forest without them and that means, that as forests across North America's East Coast become re-infested with earthworms the continent began to change.

This fascinating piece of natural history is one of many compiled by Charles Mann in his new book, '1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created

In his book, Mann argues that no man was more responsible for altering the geographic, political and economic history of the world more than Christopher Columbus.

Pointing out that the New World and the Old World had been separated for the best part of 150 million years since the supercontinent Pangea split up, Mann says that the second Columbus hit upon the Caribbean this process was reversed in the blink of an eye.

Beginning his story of medieval globalization, Mann starts at Jamestown, the British colony that exists in what is now Virginia according to ABC News.
He tells of how Dutch pirate ship arrived at the settlement with two dozen black slaves, captured when the pirates attacked a Portuguese slave ship.
Because it was harvest time, the British colonists decided to buy the slaves off the Dutch.

While that was the first time a transaction for people was conducted by Europeans in the New World, it also heralded the introduction of something just as sinister - malaria

see web page for pictures and more

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-...z2rbeqwppg
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